Ioana BĂLAN


35-53 PERSPECTIVE INGINEREȘTI IMPRESIONANTE Partea I-a Mircea BEJAN, Ioana BĂLAN, Barbu BEJAN, Ioan VIDICAN, Ioan Aurel CHERECHEȘ

PERSPECTIVE IMPRESSIVE ENGINEERS – Part I

Over the past 150 years technology has advanced more than ever predicted history of technology. For example, 3D prototyping / printing has become a widely-appreciated and widely used phenomenon. This is a simple and fast manufacturing process, a technique that allows engineers to overcome certain design difficulties in just a few hours, compared to a few weeks that would take traditional methods. Through this technology, engineering sciences, design and technical research are undergoing transformation and the special materials industry will open up a huge fan of possibilities. With 3D technology, an idea goes directly from the design phase to the execution phase, escalating beyond the traditional stages of product manufacturing. The paper systemizes some of the major 3D printing technologies, presenting tabular, focusing on the advantages, disadvantages and application domains of these technologies. And in Romania, the prospect of expanding the home use of 3D printers open to prosumerators (users acting both as producers and consumers). The 3D equipment maker will create the right legal framework for the commercialization of 3D technology only compatible with the processing of non-hazardous materials. The 3D printer user will be granted access to a type of 3D technology limited by software specifically designed by manufacturers for civil use. And so with the advent of this technology, a new chapter in jurisprudence will soon be written in Romania. But until then, Romania is only taking the first steps in this area.

Keywords: 3D prototyping/printing, FDM-Thermoplastic Extrusion Modeling, SLA-Stereolithography, DLP-Digital Light Exposure, SLS-Selective
Laser Sintering, Laser-SLM-Melting, 3DP- Laminated Layer Manufacturing, PolyJet PJP Printing with Photopolymers, 3D Printed House Construction

Cuvinte cheie: prototiparea/printarea 3D, FDM–Modelare prin Extrudare Termoplastică, SLA–Stereolitografie, DLP–Expunerea digitală a luminii, SLS– Sinterizare Laser Selectivă, SLM–Sinterizare (Topire) Laser a Metalelor, 3DP– Printare inkjet tridimensională, LOM–Fabricare Stratificată prin Laminare, PJP– Printare PolyJet cu Fotopolimeri, construcții de case imprimate 3D

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35-54 PERSPECTIVE INGINEREȘTI IMPRESIONANTE Partea a II-a Mircea BEJAN, Ioana BĂLAN, Barbu BEJAN, Ioan VIDICAN, Ioan Aurel CHERECHEȘ

PERSPECTIVE IMPRESSIVE ENGINEERS – Part II

Over the past 150 years technology has advanced more than ever predicted history of technology. For example, 3D prototyping / printing has become a widely-appreciated and widely used phenomenon. This is a simple and fast manufacturing process, a technique that allows engineers to overcome certain design difficulties in just a few hours, compared to a few weeks that would take traditional methods. Through this technology, engineering sciences, design and technical research are undergoing transformation and the special materials industry will open up a huge fan of possibilities. With 3D technology, an idea goes directly from the design phase to the execution phase, escalating beyond the traditional stages of product manufacturing. The paper systemizes some of the major 3D printing technologies, presenting tabular, focusing on the advantages, disadvantages and application domains of these technologies. And in Romania, the prospect of expanding the home use of 3D printers open to prosumerators (users acting both as producers and consumers). The 3D equipment maker will create the right legal framework for the commercialization of 3D technology only compatible with the processing of non-hazardous materials. The 3D printer user will be granted access to a type of 3D technology limited by software specifically designed by manufacturers for civil use. And so with the advent of this technology, a new chapter in jurisprudence will soon be written in Romania. But until then, Romania is only taking the first steps in this area.

Keywords: 3D prototyping/printing, FDM-Thermoplastic Extrusion Modeling, SLA-Stereolithography, DLP-Digital Light Exposure, SLS-Selective
Laser Sintering, Laser-SLM-Melting, 3DP- Laminated Layer Manufacturing, PolyJet PJP Printing with Photopolymers, 3D Printed House Construction

Cuvinte cheie: prototiparea/printarea 3D, FDM–Modelare prin Extrudare Termoplastică, SLA–Stereolitografie, DLP–Expunerea digitală a luminii, SLS– Sinterizare Laser Selectivă, SLM–Sinterizare (Topire) Laser a Metalelor, 3DP– Printare inkjet tridimensională, LOM–Fabricare Stratificată prin Laminare, PJP– Printare PolyJet cu Fotopolimeri, construcții de case imprimate 3D

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35-55 PERSPECTIVE INGINEREȘTI IMPRESIONANTE Partea a III-a

PERSPECTIVE IMPRESSIVE ENGINEERS – Part III

Over the past 150 years technology has advanced more than ever predicted history of technology. For example, 3D prototyping / printing has become a widely-appreciated and widely used phenomenon. This is a simple and fast manufacturing process, a technique that allows engineers to overcome certain design difficulties in just a few hours, compared to a few weeks that would take traditional methods. Through this technology, engineering sciences, design and technical research are undergoing transformation and the special materials industry will open up a huge fan of possibilities. With 3D technology, an idea goes directly from the design phase to the execution phase, escalating beyond the traditional stages of product manufacturing. The paper systemizes some of the major 3D printing technologies, presenting tabular, focusing on the advantages, disadvantages and application domains of these technologies. And in Romania, the prospect of expanding the home use of 3D printers open to prosumerators (users acting both as producers and consumers). The 3D equipment maker will create the right legal framework for the commercialization of 3D technology only compatible with the processing of non-hazardous materials. The 3D printer user will be granted access to a type of 3D technology limited by software specifically designed by manufacturers for civil use. And so with the advent of this technology, a new chapter in jurisprudence will soon be written in Romania. But until then, Romania is only taking the first steps in this area.

Keywords: 3D prototyping/printing, FDM-Thermoplastic Extrusion Modeling, SLA-Stereolithography, DLP-Digital Light Exposure, SLS-Selective
Laser Sintering, Laser-SLM-Melting, 3DP- Laminated Layer Manufacturing, PolyJet PJP Printing with Photopolymers, 3D Printed House Construction

Cuvinte cheie: prototiparea/printarea 3D, FDM–Modelare prin Extrudare Termoplastică, SLA–Stereolitografie, DLP–Expunerea digitală a luminii, SLS– Sinterizare Laser Selectivă, SLM–Sinterizare (Topire) Laser a Metalelor, 3DP– Printare inkjet tridimensională, LOM–Fabricare Stratificată prin Laminare, PJP– Printare PolyJet cu Fotopolimeri, construcții de case imprimate 3D

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35-61 ASPECTE PRIVIND UTILIZAREA ENERGIEI SOLARE Partea I

ASPECTS ON THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY – Part I

Most human activities, the size, volume and quality of goods and services available to mankind are energy dependent, with energy playing a central role in human existence, being the most important resource. At present, fossil fuel carriers are the fuel of the world economy, and humanity is geared towards using abundant energy at a relatively low price. Alternative sources such as sun, wind, hydropower, wave energy, geothermal energy, bioenergy etc. it is practically not consumed, calling it renewable (alternative or unconventional sources). They produce far fewer emissions, reduce chemical, thermal, and radioactive pollution, and are available theoretically anywhere in the world. The sun is a real blessing, giving us in an hour – enough energy for all people to use it for one year. Every day, about 120,000 terawatts (TW) of electrical power is offered to us by the sun. That, while over a year, the world uses only 15 TW of energy. The paper analyzes some aspects regarding the use of solar energy: collectors, solar power stations, solar houses.

Keywords: solar energy, types of renewable energy, history, heat fluxes, energy radiation, solar collector, nuclear energy Cuvinte cheie: energie solară, tipuri de energii regenerabile, istoric, fluxuri termice, radiaţii energetice, colector solar, energie nucleară

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35-62 ASPECTE PRIVIND UTILIZAREA ENERGIEI SOLARE Partea a II-a

ASPECTS ON THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY – Part II

Most human activities, the size, volume and quality of goods and services available to mankind are energy dependent, with energy playing a central role in human existence, being the most important resource. At present, fossil fuel carriers are the fuel of the world economy, and humanity is geared towards using abundant energy at a relatively low price. Alternative sources such as sun, wind, hydropower, wave energy, geothermal energy, bioenergy etc. it is practically not consumed, calling it renewable (alternative or unconventional sources). They produce far fewer emissions, reduce chemical, thermal, and radioactive pollution, and are available theoretically anywhere in the world. The sun is a real blessing, giving us in an hour – enough energy for all people to use it for one year. Every day, about 120,000 terawatts (TW) of electrical power is offered to us by the sun. That, while over a year, the world uses only 15 TW of energy. The paper analyzes some aspects regarding the use of solar energy: collectors, solar power stations, solar houses.

Keywords: solar energy, types of renewable energy, history, heat fluxes, energy radiation, solar collector, nuclear energy Cuvinte cheie: energie solară, tipuri de energii regenerabile, istoric, fluxuri termice, radiaţii energetice, colector solar, energie nucleară

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31-14 ASPECTE PRIVIND ISTORICUL AUTOMOBILULUI ROMÂNESC – Partea a II-a

ASPECTS OF HISTORY ROMANIAN CAR – part II

 

Initiative and passion for the car has not disappeared in Romania, our country having a rich past in achievement. It presents some cars Romanian construction: the first car Romanian – Dumitru Vasescu first car aerodynamics in the world invented by Romanian Aurel Persu, the car „Rodica” – prototype designed entirely by engineer Nicolae Lucaci in Brasov and completed in 1957, the car ” George Gal „- homemade 50s car built by George Gal of Bucharest, Oszkar Beke car, roadster MR (1945) built by Radu Manicatide, an engineer known in the 40s and 50s for its achievements in aeronautics, automobile Virgilius Justin Capra and „Hamster”, a car designed for the Romanian Army troops parachute.

 

Keywords: Romanian automobile, inventions, Dumitru Vasescu car, Aurel Persu aerodynamic car, car „Rodica” car „George Gal” – Oszkar Beke car, roadster M.R., cars Virgilius Justin Capra and „Hamster”

Cuvinte cheie: automobile românești, invenții, automobilul Dumitru Văsescu, maşină aerodinamică Aurel Perșu, automobilul „Rodica”, automobilul ”Gheorghe Gal” – automobil Oszkar Beke, roadsterul M.R., automobile Virgilius Justin Capră și ”Hamster”

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31-13 ASPECTE PRIVIND ISTORICUL AUTOMOBILULUI ROMÂNESC – Partea I

ASPECTS OF HISTORY ROMANIAN CAR

part I

 

Many important inventions are known to authors who have not achieved them, or inventing their primacy being given to others. In the absence of laws on copyright, missing which led to the bankruptcy of producers who did not could recover the investment, if inventors wrong in most cases it comes down to recognition late, to a mere „making aware „of inventions attributed incorrectly. It is presented in a case known: the series car. Inventor „official”: Henry Ford, inventor real: Karl Benz. It is considered that Henry Ford who revolutionized automobile history both through design changes, and especially by the big production number where his car, Ford Model T, was conducted.

The article analyzes the case of the first car manufactured 100% Romanian legal territory of Romania: Malaxa or Matra (conducted in Arad when it belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire).

 

Keywords: car, inventions, Henry Ford, Karl Benz, the first 100 % Romanian car, Malaxa, Matra

Cuvinte cheie: automobil, invenții, Henry Ford, Karl Benz, primului autoturism 100 % românesc, Malaxa, Matra

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31-8 EFECTUL FOTOELECTRIC ȘI EINSTEINUL (Es) – UNITATEA DE MĂSURĂ A RADIAŢIEI LUMINOASE, Partea a II-a

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND EINSTEIN (Es) –

RADIATION MEASUREMENT UNIT LIGHT – PART II

 

Albert Einstein in his honour, in recognition of his scientific contributions and merit, his name has been assigned to a unit of luminous radiation – Einstein (Es) representing the energy of a mole of photons transmitted to an electron and the 99- th element of the periodic table (actinide) was named einsteinium (Es). The main sizes photometers, photon and radiometric showing their name (in Romanian, English and French), the symbol/notation used and the unit of measurement, as well as some conversion factors between certain sizes radiometric, photometric and photonics are presented in tabular form.

 

Keywords: units of light radiation, Einstein (Es), sizes photometric, radiometric and photonics, conversion factors, tabular presentation

Cuvinte cheie: unități de măsură a radiaţiei luminoase, einstein (Es), mărimi fotometrice, fotonice şi radiometrice, coeficienţi de conversie, prezentare tabelară

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31-7 EFECTUL FOTOELECTRIC ȘI EINSTEINUL (Es) – UNITATEA DE MĂSURĂ A RADIAŢIEI LUMINOASE, Partea I-a

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT AND EINSTEIN (Es) –

RADIATION MEASUREMENT UNIT LIGHT – PART I

 

It presents aspects of the life of Albert Einstein, physicist and exceptional man, whose existence was conducted under a single slogan: „Die Freude am Denken” – the joy of thinking. The five famous theoretical works published by Albert Einstein in 1905 had a profound effect on the development of modern physics.

The work on the phenomenon called the photoelectric effect will bring Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 (reason premiers: „Research in theoretical physics and the discovery of the photoelectric effect”).

 

Keywords: photoelectric effect, Nobel Prize for Physics, published works by Albert Einstein

Cuvinte cheie:  efect fotoelectric, premiul Nobel pentru fizică, lucrări publicate de Albert Einstein

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31-6 FIZICIANUL ALBERT EINSTEIN, PĂRINTELE TEORIEI RELATIVITĂŢII Partea a II-a

PHYSICIST ALBERT EINSTEIN,

PARENT THEORY OF RELATIVITY – PART II

 

Albert Einstein (b. March 14, 1879, Ulm – d. April 18, 1955, Princeton) was a theoretical physicist ethnic Hebrew, born in Germany, stateless since 1896, Swiss 1899, emigrated in 1933 in the US, naturalized American in 1940, professor at Berlin and Princeton. He was the author of relativity theory and one of the most brilliant scientists of mankind. In 1921 I was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.

Send famous letter to US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, stressing the need to atomic bomb production, as there is the possibility that the German government to use this plan. Einstein’s letter helped precipitate the efforts to obtain the atomic bomb in the United States. It should be noted, however, that Einstein had no direct personal role in its manufacture, after expressing his indignation regarding the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

 

Keywords: Albert Einstein, the first American atomic bomb, letter to US President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Cuvinte cheie: Albert Einstein, prima bombă atomică americană, scrisoare către președintele SUA, Franklin Delano Roosevelt

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31-5 FIZICIANUL ALBERT EINSTEIN, PĂRINTELE TEORIEI RELATIVITĂŢII, Partea I-a

PHYSICIST ALBERT EINSTEIN,

PARENT THEORY OF RELATIVITY – PART I

 

Albert Einstein (b. March 14, 1879, Ulm – d. April 18, 1955, Princeton) was a theoretical physicist ethnic Hebrew, born in Germany, stateless since 1896, Swiss 1899, emigrated in 1933 in the US, naturalized American in 1940, professor at Berlin and Princeton. He was the author of relativity theory and one of the most brilliant scientists of mankind. In 1921 I was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. It shows various mysteries personal life of the famous scientist, who apparently was at least as complicated and full of oddities as the theory that revolutionized the world of science. It is shown that Einstein’s famous formula, E = mc2 has finally been established, thanks to a team effort of physicists from France, Germany and Hungary.

 

Keywords: Albert Einstein theory of relativity. Nobel Prize Einstein’s famous formula, E = mc2

Cuvinte cheie: Albert Einstein, teoria relativității. Premiul Nobel, celebra formulă a lui Einstein, E = mc2

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29-21 DESPRE ASCENSOARE (LIFTURI). ASCENSOARE FĂRĂ CABLU

ABOUT ELEVATORS (LIFTS). LIFTS FREE CABLE
The current system is inefficient elevators and limiting cable with a
fairly large footprint and requires people to wait a long time for the next
elevator. Recently, the German multinational ThyssenKrupp Corporation
introduced a revolutionary concept of elevator multi-cabs without cables, which
shorten long waiting in tall buildings. And it can be used not only for vertical
movement, and for horizontal movement. The proposed system is similar to a
railway subway could integrate several cabins propelled and running in a loop,
passenger transport is ongoing in several cabins, thereby reducing waiting time
and can offer passengers access a lift every 15 seconds. Thus, the space
occupied by elevators can greatly reduce transport capacity can increase,
achieving savings in energy consumption.
Keywords: multi-elevator cabins without wires, benefits
Cuvinte cheie: ascensor multi-cabine fără cabluri, avantaje

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29-20 DESPRE ASCENSOARE (LIFTURI). UN SCURT ISTORIC

ABOUT ELEVATORS (LIFTS). A BRIEF HISTORY
Urbanization has a permanently increasing trend and dynamics.
Because space is increasingly limited buildable urban buildings will increase
vertical lifts (elevators) becoming a key technology. The paper presents a brief
history of the emergence and development of lifts (elevators).
Keywords: Elevator/Lift, brief history, famous inventors
Cuvinte cheie: ascensor/lift, scurt istoric, inventatori celebri

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27-20 CHINA – LA SUPERLATIV Partea a III-a

CHINA – AT ITS BEST – Part III
One of the contestants feared you 21st century economic market (because here are the biggest fights) is China. Among the most recent achievements of the Government in Beijing is „the three Gorges Dam” on the Yangtze River-6380 km-the third longest in the world, after the Amazon and the Nile. China’s model of economic progress transmits a significant lesson to all avid States economic charts, because progress has a price, a price so high that it cannot estimate the figures. Located in the Chinese capital, Beijing, Tian An Men Square is the biggest market in the world. Its shape is rectangular, measuring an area of 44 hectares, mainly its name and the gate that leads to the Forbidden City. China has become the second world economy taking the place of Japan in 2010, after its gross domestic Product (GDP) has exceeded that of the archipelago home islands throughout the year, according to figures announced by the Japanese Government. And the superlatives continue: high-speed rail network, the longest tunnels, skyscrapers, many other daring projects, etc., etc.
Keywords: Chinese superlatives, population, pollution, high speed trains, international trade, export, supercomputers, hydropower, navigable channels, art, skyscraper etc.
Cuvinte cheie: superlative chineze, populație, poluare, trenuri de mare viteză, comerț internațional, export, supercomputere, hidroenergie, artă, canale navigabile, zgârie-nori etc.

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27-18 CHINA – LA SUPERLATIV Partea I-a

CHINA – AT ITS BEST – Part I
One of the contestants feared you 21st century economic market (because here are the biggest fights) is China. Among the most recent achievements of the Government in Beijing is „the three Gorges Dam” on the Yangtze River-6380 km-the third longest in the world, after the Amazon and the Nile. China’s model of economic progress transmits a significant lesson to all avid States economic charts, because progress has a price, a price so high that it cannot estimate the figures. Located in the Chinese capital, Beijing, Tian An Men Square is the biggest market in the world. Its shape is rectangular, measuring an area of 44 hectares, mainly its name and the gate that leads to the Forbidden City. China has become the second world economy taking the place of Japan in 2010, after its gross domestic Product (GDP) has exceeded that of the archipelago home islands throughout the year, according to figures announced by the Japanese Government. And the superlatives continue: high-speed rail network, the longest tunnels, skyscrapers, many other daring projects, etc., etc.
Keywords: Chinese superlatives, population, pollution, high speed trains, international trade, export, supercomputers, hydropower, navigable channels, art, skyscraper etc.
Cuvinte cheie: superlative chineze, populație, poluare, trenuri de mare viteză, comerț internațional, export, supercomputere, hidroenergie, artă, canale navigabile, zgârie-nori etc.

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27-17 CALEA FERATĂ BEIJING-LHASA. Partea a II-a

BEIJING-LHASA RAIL. Part II Since the Foundation of the Republic of China has been the dream of having a national railway network that would unite all the provinces of China. For a long time, due to some hard obstacles, Tibet has remained the only province without access to the national railway network. It is said that the new train between Beijing and Lhasa, on the roof of the world in Tibet, is a selenaut. On 22 June 2006 took place the inaugural voyage of the railway that connects Qinghai province of China (capital city of Golmud) and the Tibet Autonomous Region (capital of Lhasa), crossing Tanggula Mountains (5072 m above sea level). The Beijing-Lhasa 4064 km is, of which 1,110 km are on the newly-built Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The train from Beijing to Lhasa sailing from July 1, 2006, achieving over in about 44 hours and has few stops on this route. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the highest railway in the world. The highest point lies at 5.072 m above sea level and the Tanggula railway station is located at 5.068 m, is the highest railway station in the world. Nearly half of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is located more than 4,000 meters above sea level. About 550 kilometres of the railway is built on frozen earth. Keywords: railroad Beijing-Lhasa, Tibet, Lhasa’s capital, Potala Palace, superlatives Cuvinte cheie: calea ferată Beijing-Lhasa, Tibet, capitala Lhasa, palatul Potala, superlative

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27-16 CALEA FERATĂ BEIJING-LHASA. Partea I-a

BEIJING-LHASA RAIL. Part I Since the Foundation of the Republic of China has been the dream of having a national railway network that would unite all the provinces of China. For a long time, due to some hard obstacles, Tibet has remained the only province without access to the national railway network. It is said that the new train between Beijing and Lhasa, on the roof of the world in Tibet, is a selenaut. On 22 June 2006 took place the inaugural voyage of the railway that connects Qinghai province of China (capital city of Golmud) and the Tibet Autonomous Region (capital of Lhasa), crossing Tanggula Mountains (5072 m above sea level). The Beijing-Lhasa 4064 km is, of which 1.110 km are on the newly-built Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The train from Beijing to Lhasa sailing from July 1, 2006, achieving over in about 44 hours and has few stops on this route. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the highest railway in the world. The highest point lies at 5.072 m above sea level and the Tanggula railway station is located at 5.068 m, is the highest railway station in the world. Nearly half of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is located more than 4,000 meters above sea level. About 550 kilometres of the railway is built on frozen earth. Keywords: railroad Beijing-Lhasa, Tibet, Lhasa’s capital, Potala Palace, superlatives Cuvinte cheie: calea ferată Beijing-Lhasa, Tibet, capitala Lhasa, palatul Potala, superlative

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27-15 CEA MAI MARE MAGISTRALĂ ACVATICĂ DIN LUME

THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD AQUATIC BUS
On 1 September 2010, Gaddafi opened and put into operation the total, BIGGEST BUS aquatic ever built on Earth, being called „the 8th wonder of the world”! A network of pipes 4 m in diameter, buried in the ground to prevent evaporation, carrying more than 5 million m3/day from a reservoir underground aquifer discovered in the desert, to areas populated coastal cam Nile flow as 200 years. The project cost was estimated la25 billion dollars, and Libya did not borrow a cent ANY IMF, World Bank etc. The project was conducted by experts from South Korea, but all equipment, piping, were built in Libya. The price of water brought from the Sahara is 35 cents/m3 to $ 3.75/m3 would have cost as desalinated seawater, and e … incomparably better. Now that Libya has land (now) fertile water, but little population, Egyptian farmers invited to come and work there Libya earth. An impressive project by Libya without indebtedness and ask for help from the West and that just as the same financial groups „developed countries”, encouraging the construction of a seawater desalination plants, water rationing in NOM (New World Order). Keywords: Libya, bus aquatic impressive project, desert Cuvinte cheie: Libia, magistrală acvatică, proiect impresionant, deșert

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25-23 SĂPUNUL – Partea a II-a

SOAP – Part II
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid, with metals or amines, resulting from the
process of saponification. How general, soap is made up by: 1. which fats and
oils; 2. neutralization of fatty acids with alkanes. It presents a brief history of
soap, to obtain and use it. It details the Aleppo soap, black soap and soap RIF.
The company Colgate-Palmolive, a multinational company of consumer
products based on production, distribution and provision of household, health
care and personal products (soaps, detergents, toothpaste, tooth brushes),
represents a model for soap. Under the „Hill”, provides veterinary products.
Keywords: soap, historian, obtaining, Aleppo soap, black soap, soap
RIF, Colgate-Palmolive Company
Cuvinte cheie: săpun, istoric, obținere, săpun de Alep, săpun negru,
săpun RIF, Compania Colgate-Palmolive
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25-22 SĂPUNUL – Partea I-a

SOAP – Part I-a
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid, with metals or amines, resulting from the
process of saponification. How general, soap is made up by: 1. which fats and
oils; 2. neutralization of fatty acids with alkanes. It presents a brief history of
soap, to obtain and use it. It details the Aleppo soap, black soap and soap RIF.
The company Colgate-Palmolive, a multinational company of consumer
products based on production, distribution and provision of household, health
care and personal products (soaps, detergents, toothpaste, tooth brushes),
represents a model for soap. Under the „Hill”, provides veterinary products.
Keywords: soap, historian, obtaining, Aleppo soap, black soap, soap
RIF, Colgate-Palmolive Company
Cuvinte cheie: săpun, istoric, obținere, săpun de Alep, săpun negru,
săpun RIF, Compania Colgate-Palmolive
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25-21 CEL MAI MARE ACCELERATOR DE PARTICULE DIN LUME, Partea a II-a,

THE LARGEST PARTICLE ACCELERATOR
IN THE WORLD
Part II
Particle accelerator is a comprehensive facility used in the field of high
energy physics to accelerate elementary particles. The accelerator is used to
study the elementary particles and the structure of the atomic nucleus.
European Organization for nuclear research-CERN, the world’s largest
laboratory for elementary particle research. CERN has put in place, on 10
September 2008, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a giant particle accelerator,
aimed at discovering the secrets of the universe. Is a project thought since the
early 1980s, working since 1998.
Considering the particularities of the LHC, the results obtained and
future particle accelerators.
Keywords: particle accelerator, European Organization for nuclear
research-CERN, the Higgs boson, the particle accelerator gigantic Large
Hadron Collider (LHC)
Cuvinte cheie: accelerator de particule, Organizația Europeană pentru
Cercetare Nucleară – CERN, bosonul Higgs, acceleratorul de particule gigantic
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
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25-20 CEL MAI MARE ACCELERATOR DE PARTICULE DIN LUME

THE LARGEST PARTICLE ACCELERATOR IN THE WORLD – I
Particle accelerator is a comprehensive facility used in the field of high
energy physics to accelerate elementary particles. The accelerator is used to
study the elementary particles and the structure of the atomic nucleus.
European Organization for nuclear research-CERN, the world’s largest
laboratory for elementary particle research. CERN has put in place, on 10
September 2008, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a giant particle accelerator,
aimed at discovering the secrets of the universe. Is a project thought since the
early 1980s, working since 1998.
Considering the particularities of the LHC, the results obtained and
future particle accelerators.
Keywords: particle accelerator, European Organization for nuclear
research-CERN, the Higgs boson, the particle accelerator gigantic Large
Hadron Collider (LHC)
Cuvinte cheie: accelerator de particule, Organizația Europeană pentru
Cercetare Nucleară – CERN, bosonul Higgs, acceleratorul de particule gigantic
Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
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25-8 O IMPRESIONANTĂ LUCRARE INGINEREASCĂ. TUNELUL FEROVIAR SAINT GOTHARD – ELVEŢIA

AN IMPRESSIVE ENGINEERING WORK.
SAINT GOTHARD RAIL TUNNEL – SWITZERLAND
In the last 25 years, the segment between Lugano and Zurich, the
traffic of trucks has increased 12 times. For the purpose of streamlining
transport and for the expansion of the Swiss rail network, because each year
through the tunnel will pass 6 million passengers and 50 million tons of cargo,
after 10 years of studies and 15 years of construction, materialized construction
of Saint-Gothard tunnel.
What is Saint Gothard?
1. Mountain range in the Alps Lepontine (Switzerland, max. 3,192 m),
consisting of crystalline, Granites South and streets. 2. Pass from long, 26 km,
located at 2,108 m altitude, on the border with Switzerland and Italy, which
provide the link between the two countries in the area of Reuss and Ticino
valleys. 3. Rail Tunnel, located 1,154 m high, built in the years 1872-1882,
between the villages of Airolo (Italy) and Andermatt (Switzerland), assigned for
a distance of 15 km from the Saint-Gothard. 4. Road tunnel, 16.3 km long,
opened to traffic in 1980, ensuring links between the settlements of Airolo (Italy)
and Andermatt (Switzerland). 5. The longest rail tunnel in the world, which
should enter into service in the year 2017, the core piece of the expansion of
the Swiss rail network.
Keywords: mountain range, passing the railway tunnel, the transalpine
road tunnel, the Swiss rail network expansion
Cuvinte cheie: masiv muntos, trecătoare transalpină, tunel feroviar,
tunel rutier, extindere rețea feroviară elvețiană
25-8


17-9 PLANUL ÎNCLINAT SI UNELE MINUNI TEHNICE (II)

SLOPE AND SOME WONDERFUL TECHNICAL
Slope is used to lift heavy bodies to a certain height, the force should
be lower than if the movement direction vertically. Inclined plane principle is
used in many outstanding technical achievements: Slope Arzviller Saint-Louis;
in the river Yenissei Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Ronquier channel Charleroi-
Brussels, Belgium; hoists or Siclăul (Fairy Valley area), the city of Covasna,
Romania etc., issues addressed in this paper.
Cuvinte cheie: plan înclinat, realizări tehnice deosebite, Planul înclinat
Saint-Louis-Arzviller

9 PLANUL ÎNCLINAT SI UNELE MINUNI TEHNICE (II)


17-8 PLANUL ÎNCLINAT SI UNELE MINUNI TEHNICE (I)

SLOPE AND SOME WONDERFUL TECHNICAL
Slope is used to lift heavy bodies to a certain height, the force should
be lower than if the movement direction vertically. Inclined plane principle is
used in many outstanding technical achievements: Slope Arzviller Saint-Louis;
in the river Yenissei Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Ronquier channel Charleroi-
Brussels, Belgium; hoists or Siclăul (Fairy Valley area), the city of Covasna,
Romania, etc., issues addressed in this paper.
Cuvinte cheie: plan înclinat, realizări tehnice deosebite, Planul înclinat
Saint-Louis-Arzviller, Ronquier, Planul înclinat Covasna

8 PLANUL ÎNCLINAT SI UNELE MINUNI TEHNICE (I)


17-7 AMENAJAREA EUFRATULUI ÎN SIRIA

L’AMÉNAGEMENT DE L’EUPHRATE EN SYRIE
L’eau, c’est la vie. En Syrie, l’Euphrate est le fleuve le plus
remarquable. Il traverse l’est du pays en provenance de la Turquie au nord et
se dirige vers l’Irak à l’est. L’Euphrate fournit à la Syrie sa plus importante
ressource hydrique: environ la moitié du total de ses ressources renouvelables
estimées à 23 milliards de m3 pour une année hydrique moyenne. Trois
barrages ont été érigés: le barrage d’Al-Thawra à Tabqa et les deux barrages
régulateur Tishrun, en amont, et Al-Bath, en aval, de nature hydro-électrique.
Les barrages permettent la production de l’énergie électrique (2,5 milliards de
kWh/an).
Cuvinte cheie: Eufrat, amenajare hidroenergetică, Tell Zeidan,
proiectul Anatoliei de Sud-Est (GAP), barajul Tabka, lacul Al-Assad

7 AMENAJAREA EUFRATULUI ÎN SIRIA


19-6 DORIN PAVEL ŞI ARTELE VIZUALE

DORIN PAVEL AND VISUAL ARTS
Mioriţa Fountain is a monument in the capital, located on North Road,
Bucharest-Ploiesti, in the Folk Art Museum Dr. Nichols Minovici. In making the
Fountain Road Mioriţa contributed in 1927, her birth year, a formidable team:
sculptress Milita Petrascu, architect Octav Doicescu and Eng. Dorin Pavel. The
construction was executed by the architects Octav Doicescu plans, which is
decorated with mosaics, are made of Milita monument Petrascu. These
mosaics are an illustration of Mioriţa ballad, ballad name was borrowed for the
name of the monument. Besides Petrascu Milita, the fountain mosaic artist
worked and Mogoş Gheorghe Niculescu. Concept hydraulic engineering made
by Pavel Dorin engineer, was the blade of water and a fan-shaped permanent
pool of water recovery (basically only added what had evaporated), pool
surrounding the fountain.
Keywords: monument, fountain, Miorita mosaic illustrations, ballad,
hidrotehnică design, sheet of water, granite Dobrogea
Cuvinte cheie: monument, fântâna Mioriţa, mozaic, ilustraţii, balada,
concepţie hidrotehnică, pânză de apă, granit de Dobrogea

6 DORIN PAVEL ŞI ARTELE VIZUALE


20-79 AUTOMOBILE ELECTRICE – Partea I

ELECTRIC CARS – Part I
In recent years, in all countries, urban transport pose specific
problems and produce significant damage to political, social and environmental
(pollution, noise, and stress). The best solution to problems of environmental
pollution is electric vehicle (EV) as an alternative means of transport.
Electric car is a vehicle that uses an electric motor as a drive with
electric power from a source, usually battery. The major advantages of electric
car are fuel economy, pollution near zero outside production, efficiency/high
yield, instant acceleration, very low noise, easy maintenance by eliminating
much of the classic motor car. High price and low autonomy are barriers to the
success of such vehicles. Over nearly two decades, 86 % of cars in circulation
will be powered by conventional motors. However, they have several
disadvantages. Major disadvantages are high cost, relatively high load time,
lifetime low of about 3-5 years, reduced autonomy max. 300 km. Batteries are
reducing capacity by 50 % or more at temperatures below 10 0C and above 40
0C and tend to overheat and even explode under certain conditions. In 1996,
the first serial production electric car, EV1 (Electric Vehicle 1), were
manufactured in the U.S. by General Motors, and circulated on California
roads. Although General Motors has built and launched on the market between
the years 1996-1999 the first electric car, EV1 was withdrawn and recycled to
pressure oil companies and the argument of lack of market demand.
Lithium batteries have been proposed for the first time in 70 years, but
their sale started only after 20 years. Lithium is a metallic substance such as
highly volatile and corrosive, which reacts violently with many other substances.
Corrosive properties of lithium are strongly enhanced with increasing
temperature, leading to accelerated oxidation coatings and the membranes that
separate the battery components, leading eventually to irreversible damage.
Much lighter than regular batteries, rechargeable, usually made of nickel
components with better performance and longer life Li-ion cells were deejay Li-
553
ion cells have been used for proper laptops and mobile phones. Using lithium
batteries to power electric vehicles involves ensuring some form of Li ion
batteries, many experts feel that the technology is ready for the first generation
of electric vehicles. The year 2008 is the de facto beginning of the era in allelectric
vehicle range. This year she has launched various marketing concepts
battery with a relatively high yield and affordable. Thus, it is expected that by
2010-2015 an electric car can be manufactured on a large scale performance
series at a price close to the price of petrol cars.
Keywords: electric cars, history, advantages, disadvantages, power
electric vehicles
Cuvinte cheie: automobile electrice, istoric, avantaje, dezavantaje,
alimentarea autovehiculelor electrice

79 AUTOMOBILE ELECTRICE – Partea I


20-80 AUTOMOBILE ELECTRICE – Partea a II-a

ELECTRIC CARS – Part II
The best solution to problems of environmental pollution is electric
vehicle (EV) as an alternative means of transport. Electric car is a vehicle that
uses an electric motor as a drive with electric power from a source, usually
battery. Over nearly two decades, 86 % of cars in circulation will be powered by
conventional motors. The year 2008 is the de facto beginning of the era in allelectric
vehicle range. This year she has launched various marketing concepts
battery with a relatively high yield and affordable. Thus, it is expected that by
2010-2015 an electric car can be manufactured on a large scale performance
series at a price close to the price of petrol cars. A study by University of
California at Berkeley shows that about 86 % of cars running on the streets will
be electric in 2030. The percentage is subject to the emergence of centres of
charge or change batteries developed globally so far. Automakers shift to
electric car, because, they say, is the solution to this deadlock international
profile of the industry.
It presents – in short characterization – some electric cars (or hybrid) of
some car manufacturers and world renowned specialist on such cars: Nissan,
Renault, Renault Nissan Alliance, Miles, Myers, Aptera, Phoenix, Shelby,
Mitsubishi, Peugeot, Continental, Johnson Controls, Saft, Tesla (Tesla
Roadster 2008) Phoenix Motors (U.S. SUV Phoenix, Phoenix SUT 2008),
Lightning (Lightning GT fastest UK electric car far without recharging 2008/700
CP/400 km/1-100 km/h in 4 seconds/price about euro 220,000), General
Motors (Chevrolet Volt U.S.), Toyota (JP), Mercedes (Germany), Opel
(Germany – Amper, 2011), Citroen (France Citroën C Zero, 2010) etc.
Keywords: electric cars, Nissan, Renault, Renault Nissan Alliance, Miles,
Myers, Aptera, Phoenix, Shelby, Mitsubishi, Peugeot, Phoenix Motors etc.
Cuvinte cheie: automobile electrice, Nissan, Renault, Renault Nissan Alliance,
Miles, Myers, Aptera, Phoenix, Shelby, Mitsubishi, Peugeot, Phoenix Motors etc.

80 AUTOMOBILE ELECTRICE – Partea a II-a


23-13 DESPRE INVENȚII ȘI INVENTATORI

ABOUT INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS
An invention is a solution or a technical achievement in a field of
knowledge which shows the progress from the novelty stage known until then.
An invention is defined ”as a machine, a process, an improved etc.-new and
useful, which existed previously and which are recognized as the product of an
intuition or a unique genius, outstanding mechanical skills common or craft”
Henry Ford, founder of the American automotive industry; Swedish engineer
Alfred Nobel considered the inventor; American inventor Thomas Alva Edison,
the owner of the 1903 patent research, known in the whole world as the
inventor of the incandescent bulb; American engineer William BULLOCK in
1863 invention of which revolutionized the industry tipăritului: a more efficient
and more press. But his was the one that finally brought death. Only a few
inventions and those which they have achieved. This is the message of the
paper.
Cuvinte cheie: inventator, invenții, dinamită, brevet, presă eficientă și
rapidă
Keywords: inventor, inventions, dynamite, patent, efficient and quick
release

23-13 DESPRE INVENȚII ȘI INVENTATORI


23-32 MUZEE ALE ȘTIINȚEI ȘI TEHNICII Partea I-a

MUSEUMS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – I
The Museum of science and technology is a permanent institution
created for preserving, researching and displaying for training and educating
the public of the collection of objects of historical, scientific and technical.
Perhaps the first museum was established, the collection of paintings exhibited
in a wing of the Propileelor of Athens (5th century BC).
It presents briefly some of the most representative museums of
science and technology in Paris, London, Vienna, Munich, Germany, and
Amsterdam, as well as in Romania (Technical Museum Prof. Ing. Dimitrie
Leonida; National Military Museum „King Ferdinand I”; The Museum of science
and technology „Stefan Procopiu” etc.).
Praise of countries who will collect and display with pride the
collections of objects of historical, scientific and technical !
Cuvinte cheie: muzeu al științei și tehnicii, instruirea și educarea
publicului, muzee remarcabile
Keywords: Museum of science and technology, training and educating
the public, remarkable museums

23-32 MUZEE ALE ȘTIINȚEI ȘI TEHNICII


23-33 MUZEE ALE ȘTIINȚEI ȘI TEHNICII Partea a II-a

MUSEUMS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – II
The Museum of science and technology is a permanent institution
created for preserving, researching and displaying for training and educating
the public of the collection of objects of historical, scientific and technical.
Perhaps the first museum was established, the collection of paintings exhibited
in a wing of the Propileelor of Athens (5th century BC).
It presents briefly some of the most representative museums of
science and technology in Paris, London, Vienna, Munich, Germany, and
Amsterdam, as well as in Romania (Technical Museum Prof. Ing. Dimitrie
Leonida; National Military Museum „King Ferdinand I”; The Museum of science
and technology „Stefan Procopiu” etc.).
Praise of countries who will collect and display with pride the
collections of objects of historical, scientific and technical !
Cuvinte cheie: muzeu al științei și tehnicii, instruirea și educarea
publicului, muzee remarcabile
Keywords: Museum of science and technology, training and educating
the public, remarkable museums

23-33 MUZEE ALE ȘTIINȚEI ȘI TEHNICII


23-34 MUZEE ALE ȘTIINȚEI ȘI TEHNICII Partea a III-a

MUSEUMS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY – III
The Museum of science and technology is a permanent institution
created for preserving, researching and displaying for training and educating
the public of the collection of objects of historical, scientific and technical.
Perhaps the first museum was established, the collection of paintings exhibited
in a wing of the Propileelor of Athens (5th century BC).
It presents briefly some of the most representative museums of
science and technology in Paris, London, Vienna, Munich, Germany, and
Amsterdam, as well as in Romania (Technical Museum Prof. Ing. Dimitrie
Leonida; National Military Museum „King Ferdinand I”; The Museum of science
and technology „Stefan Procopiu” etc.).
Praise of countries who will collect and display with pride the
collections of objects of historical, scientific and technical !
Cuvinte cheie: muzeu al științei și tehnicii, instruirea și educarea
publicului, muzee remarcabile
Keywords: Museum of science and technology, training and educating
the public, remarkable museums

23-34 MUZEE ALE ȘTIINȚEI ȘI TEHNICII


21-26 VEHICULE CU PERNĂ DE AER

VEHICLES WITH THE CUSHION OF AIR
Vehicles on a pillow of air (or her ship named și pernopter) moving
above the water or soil through the cushion of air created under taken with the
help of powerful fans. This cushion is formed by jets of air in refloat large
amount of pressure și with a installation fan blower. Jets of air are directed to
the surface of water through the nozzle acetate on the periphery vehicle.
Cushion of air has the 0.5-5 m3, function the tonnage vehicle speed, work
surface of continuity etc. Vehicles with air cushion pay multiple: high-speed
travel, resistance by advancing small, consumption than fuel, the possibility of a
pass over areas with one small dry land or injured.
Work synthesizes presentation vehicles the cushion of air, advantages
and disadvantages, a short historical as well as și examples of their use. The
future is completely favourable this means of transport the water și on land
raised și accessible.
Cuvinte cheie: vehicule cu pernă de aer, clasificări, istoric, avantaje,
dezavantaje, exemple, viitorul vehiculelor pe pernă de aer
Keywords: vehicles with the cushion of air, classifications, historian,
advantages and disadvantages, examples, future vehicles the cushion of air

26 VEHICULE CU PERNĂ DE AER


21-24 METROUL Partea a II-a

SUBWAY
Most large towns and cities in the world, trying to solve urban transport
as efficiently as low pollution.
Travel by Metro provides commercial speed of 30-45 km/h, with traffic
up to 90 s duration between two trains, a maximum transport 10,000
passengers per train (of 6 cars) and distances between stations of 600-1000 m.
In recent years, have built automated metro systems without conductor/driver,
which are directly controlled from a control centred. It is estimated that one
kilometre of underground line costs 30 million Euros.
It presents some generalities on the metro, public transport it, looking
at the short subways in London, Budapest, Paris, Madrid and Bucharest.
Cuvinte cheie: transport urban, metrou greu, metrou ușor, sisteme
automate de conducere, diferite linii de metrou în Londra, Budapesta, Paris,
Madrid și București
Keywords: transportation, subway hard, light rail, automated
management, different subway lines in London, Budapest, Paris, Madrid and
Bucharest

24 METROUL


21-23 METROUL Partea I

SUBWAY
Most large towns and cities in the world, trying to solve urban transport
as efficiently as low pollution.
Travel by Metro provides commercial speed of 30-45 km/h, with traffic
up to 90 s duration between two trains, a maximum transport 10,000
passengers per train (of 6 cars) and distances between stations of 600-1000 m.
In recent years, have built automated metro systems without conductor/driver,
which are directly controlled from a control centred. It is estimated that one
kilometre of underground line costs 30 million Euros.
It presents some generalities on the metro, public transport it, looking
at the short subways in London, Budapest, Paris, Madrid and Bucharest.
Cuvinte cheie: transport urban, metrou greu, metrou ușor, sisteme
automate de conducere, diferite linii de metrou în Londra, Budapesta, Paris și
București
Keywords: transportation, subway hard, light rail, automated
management, different subway lines in London, Budapest, Paris and Bucharest

23 METROUL


21-22 TRENURI DE MARE VITEZĂ partea a II-a

HIGH-SPEED TRAIN
High-speed trains are trains may grow higher speeds of 200 km/h,
normally, their speed of between 200 km/h and 300 km/h.
Time has proved that movement Romania on the railway was not
merely a utopia as there was no ambition somewhat because of brave in
search of Nov get, but a very necessary adjustment to the requirements
weather. Big și briefly trains, have a form hours, perfectly smooth, with
suspensors on cushions of air și facilities technological contemporary because
passengers feel comfort during a trip that takes very little because speed of up
to 200-220 km/h. Family trains high-speed has members in a growing number
of countries and the future is very promising.
Cuvinte cheie: trenuri de mare viteză, levitație magnetică, șine
convenționale, suspensie magnetică, tren Maglev, TGV, Pendolino
Keywords: high-speed train, levitation magnetic, lines of train
conventionally, suspensor magnetic, train Maglev, TGV, Pendolino

22 TRENURI DE MARE VITEZĂ


21-21 TRENURI DE MARE VITEZĂ partea I

HIGH-SPEED TRAIN
High-speed trains are trains may grow higher speeds of 200 km/h,
normally, their speed of between 200 km/h and 300 km/h.
Time has proved that movement Romania on the railway was not
merely a utopia as there was no ambition somewhat because of brave in
search of Nov get, but a very necessary adjustment to the requirements
weather. Big și briefly trains, have a form hours, perfectly smooth, with
suspensors on cushions of air și facilities technological contemporary because
passengers feel comfort during a trip that takes very little because speed of up
to 200-220 km/h. Family trains high-speed has members in a growing number
of countries and the future is very promising.
Cuvinte cheie: trenuri de mare viteză, levitație magnetică, șine
convenționale, suspensie magnetică, tren Maglev, TGV, Pendolino
Keywords: high-speed train, levitation magnetic, lines of train
conventionally, suspensor magnetic, train Maglev, TGV, Pendolino

21 TRENURI DE MARE VITEZĂ